Ａ.一段階の還元と検証可能性こそが科学 科学の思考法には大きく二つの特徴があります。それが還元主義と検証可能性です。 還元主義とは、その構造を求める方法です。科学では対象の中の構造がどうなっているのかを重視するのです。物理学が分子、原子、素粒…

Ａ.事象の階層が等しい連鎖関係が因果関係 何か事件があったり、興味深い現象があれば、それはなぜ起きたのか因果関係を追究します。ところがこの因果関係というものは意外と難しいものなのです。 因果関係を想像するとき、積み上げられたブロックを想像して…

Ａ.There are 38 emotions and four categories; urges, responses, attitudes, and feelings. To begin with, what is it we call "emotion?" Emotion is sometimes very complicated and unclear. How can you identify the difference between similar wo…

Ａ.The conflict of emotions created intellect. Why did emotions develop in evolution? Let's examine from the viewpoint of evolution. Are there living things which have emotions but don't move? How about living things which move but don't h…

Ａ.A brain has the circuit for emotions. Brain disorders research has made clear the place where emotions work. Look at the picture. The path to recognize what emotion is felt is: sensory receptor → sensory cortex → sensory association cor…

Ａ.It is the memory of a behavior pattern based on genes. These emotional circuits develop according to experiences when growing from an infant to a child, and to an adult. In this sense emotions can be called a kind of memory. It might be…

Ａ.Emotions develop and branch out through conflict. From the next chapter I will explain emotions in detail one by one using categories. I will state details for every emotion such as in what situations the emotion is felt, how and why it…

Ａ.Interest is an attitude of exploring in order to expand territory. The first of the seven main emotions is interest. All emotions originate from approaching to obtain nourishment and avoiding filth. To approach is the essence of interes…

Ａ. Fun is a feeling expressing a satisfied state of interest. Fun is related to interest and infatuation, for example, it is fun to do things with friends or spend time with a lover. Fun is felt when one's interest or infatuation is satis…

Ａ. Boredom is a feeling expressing a state of disinterest. The opposite of fun is boredom. Boredom is also an emotion branching from interest's or infatuation's appraisal. It occurs when you are fatigued, you grow tried of something, and …

Ａ. Humor is an urge to accept a child's mistakes. Humor is an emotion derived from interest. You may double over laughing or burst out laughing when you hear a funny joke. Some people may blush because of trying to hold back their laughte…

Humor is a technique to avoid conflict through making people equal. Humor is a branch of interest. Humor is the emotion that appears when interest's interpersonal actions are appraised. However, that it excludes the part that causes guilt …

Humor is constructed of three parts: a performer, recipient, and audience. There are some interesting phenomena derived from the complexity of humor. We can nonchalantly say something offensive about a lover or friend, but if others say so…

Ａ. A trick is essential for humor. In comedy acts or comedic skits, if a person guesses the end, the laughter decreases by half. If you can predict the end, the humor also decreases. Why is this? The people who can predict the outcome of …

Ａ.Infatuation is an attitude for selecting a partner to raise offspring. Infatuation is an attitude that branches out when the situation causes interest to combined with sexual instinct, which is developed by sexual selection. Infatuation…

Ａ.Disgust is an attitude towards unclean things. The second basic emotion is disgust. There are things which animals have to approach or have to avoid as they live. The things that they have to approach are food, the opposite sex, fellow …

Ａ.Clean and interesting things are beautiful; unclean things that we have to avoid are ugly. The adjective pair corresponding to interest and disgust is beautiful and ugly. Beauty is a visual or auditory stimuli that cause a pleasant sens…

Ａ.Depression is felt when we expect something disgusting. Depression is an emotion derived from expecting to feel disgust. Human beings have a highly developed intelligence, so we can feel disgust even though we cannot see the disgusting …

Ａ.生物学への無知が生む可能性の剥奪 嫌悪や怒りなどの感情に従って行動すると、時に他人に対して意図せずして差別することがあります。差別とは何か、それはどうすれば減らすことができるのでしょうか？ たとえば、ある人が○○が嫌いであるとします。この人…

Ａ.芸術とは感情の言葉である 芸術とは、感情を生み出すものです。音楽、絵画、写真、舞台などにおいて、強い感情を生み出すものほど優れているとされます。魂を揺さぶると形容します。ただ、なぜか笑いや楽しさを生むものはあまり芸術とは呼ばれませんが。 …

Ａ.Surprise is a response in which thought and motion suddenly stop. The third basic emotion is surprise. When we are surprised our eyebrows raise, our forehead wrinkles, our eyes open wide, and our mouth becomes round. This facial express…

Ａ.Confusion is a response when you are surprised and need to act. Confusion is an emotion that branches out when the situation causes one to be surprised. Confusion is also called puzzlement, bafflement or bewilderment. We stop moving and…

Ａ.Anger is an urge to defend against intruders. The fourth basic emotion is anger. Anger is an emotion that branches out from interest depending on the situation. Anger is an emotion for defending one's domain against enemies that intrude…

Ａ.Shame is a response in which one is angry with oneself. Shame is an emotion which branches out from anger depending on the situation. Anger occurs when actions or thoughts are interrupted, and anger calls for action to break it. However…

Ａ.Contempt is an attitude where one is angry but does not act on the anger. Emotions which branch from anger are also contempt, dissatisfaction, indignation, resentment, frustration, and impatience. Contempt is an emotion that branches ou…

Ａ.怒りの予測が【不平不満】 不平不満は、怒りから予測による分岐をした感情です。 苛立ち、いらいらしているともいいます。怒りが、知性の予測作用によって生み出されたものなのです。 不平不満は、怒りを押さえねばならない場面があって、それが避けられ…

Ａ.Indignation is an urge to be angry through sympathy. Indignation is also called sense of injustice. Indignation is an emotion that branches out from anger caused by sympathy. For example, if you see a child crying and being bullied by a…

Ａ.Resentment is an attitude of continuous anger. Resentment is an emotion derived from expecting to feel anger. Resentment is also called grudge, or bitterness. Resentment is the state in which a memory of anger is linked with a targeted …

Ａ.Frustration is a response in which one is angry and attacks one's self. Frustration is an emotion which branches out from anger depending on the situation. Frustration is similar to vexation, or chagrin. Frustration is typicallly associ…

Ａ.Irritation is a feeling when we expect something frustrating. Irritation or impatience is felt when we can't remember the answer to a question on a test but time is almost up, or we are not making progress on studying for an upcoming te…